A Colorado district court held that Target Brands, Inc. (“TBI”), a subsidiary intangible holding company of Target Corporation (“Target”), had economic nexus with Colorado but the Department of Revenue (the “Department”) failed to use a reasonable alternative apportionment method when it assessed nearly $20 million in state corporate income tax for tax years 1999 through 2009 (the “Tax Years at Issue”). The case, Target Brands Inc. v. Department of Revenue, 2015CV33831, decided by the District Court of the City and County of Denver on January 27, 2017, highlights yet another example of aggressive economic nexus and alterative apportionment arguments of state revenue agencies to expand their revenue base by capturing income from out-of-state intangible holding companies.
In Capital One Auto Finance, Inc. v. Department of Revenue, Dkt. No. TC 5197 (Oregon Tax Ct. Dec. 23, 2016), the Oregon Tax Court held that physical presence was unnecessary to establish nexus for corporate excise and corporate income tax purposes. As we reported last month, the Ohio Supreme Court similarly upheld the constitutionality of Ohio’s factor presence (or, economic nexus) standard for purposes of the Ohio Commercial Activity Tax. Crutchfield Corp. v. Testa, Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-7760 (Ohio 2016). (See our previous post, Ohio Supreme Court Physical Presence Not Required for Commercial Activity Tax.)
Bright-line, factor presence nexus has become an increasingly popular issue in state taxation in recent years. While the rules and thresholds vary from state-to-state, the Multistate Tax Commission’s (“MTC”) model rule exemplifies how factor presence nexus works. Specifically, the MTC’s model rule provides, in part, that “substantial nexus” (i.e., a taxable presence) exists for corporate income tax purposes if an out-of-state taxpayer has total sales in the state exceeding $500,000 during any given taxable period. Several states–including Alabama, California, Colorado, New York, Ohio, and Tennessee–have adopted factor presence nexus rules; however, to date, there have been very few cases that have considered the constitutionality of bright-line, factor presence nexus standards.
Beginning in October 2015, the New York State Department of Taxation and Finance has been releasing draft regulations that will implement New York’s extensive corporate franchise tax reform. The initial draft regulations addressed three topics: nexus, sourcing of other services and other business receipts, and sourcing of receipts from sales of digital products. The draft nexus regulations incorporate the new tax law’s economic nexus provisions. (See N.Y. Tax Law Section 209.1(a).) The draft sourcing regulations…